Publications

Conduction Band Cliff at the CdS/CuIn Ga Se Thin-Film Solar Cell Interface
Blankenship, M.; Hauschild, D.; Both, L.; Pyatenko, E.; Witte, W.; Hariskos, D.; Paetel, S.; Powalla, M.; Weinhardt, L.; Heske, C.
2024. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 128 (1), 339–345. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05079

Chemical phases in the solution-grown Zn(O,S) buffer of post-annealed Cu(In,Ga)Se solar cells investigated by transmission electron microscopy and electroreflectance
Jin, X.; Schneider, R.; Popescu, R.; Seeger, J.; Grutke, J.; Zerulla, B.; Hetterich, M.; Hariskos, D.; Witte, W.; Powalla, M.; Gerthsen, D.
2023. Journal of Applied Physics, 133 (16), Art.-Nr.: 165303. doi:10.1063/5.0139264

Improvement of Quantitative STEM/EDXS Analyses for Chemical Analysis of Cu(In,Ga)Se Solar Cells with Zn(O,S) Buffer Layers
Jin, X.; Schneider, R.; Müller, E.; Falke, M.; Terborg, R.; Hariskos, D.; Bauer, A.; Witte, W.; Powalla, M.; Gerthsen, D.
2023. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 29 (1), 69–77. doi:10.1093/micmic/ozac031

Rb Diffusion and Oxide Removal at the RbF-Treated Ga₂O₃/Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Interface in Thin-Film Solar Cells
Pyatenko, E.; Hauschild, D.; Mikhnych, V.; Edla, R.; Steininger, R.; Hariskos, D.; Witte, W.; Powalla, M.; Heske, C.; Weinhardt, L.
2023. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 15 (45), 53113–53121. doi:10.1021/acsami.3c11165

Holistic yield modeling, top-down loss analysis, and efficiency potential study of thin-film solar modules
Zinßer, M.; Helder, T.; Magorian Friedlmeier, T.; Bauer, A.; Kirchartz, T.; Rau, U.; Wächter, R.; Powalla, M.
2023. Communications Physics, 6, Art.-Nr.: 55. doi:10.1038/s42005-023-01164-6

Optical and Electrical Loss Analysis of Thin-Film Solar Cells Combining the Methods of Transfer Matrix and Finite Elements
Zinser, M.; Helder, T.; Bauer, A.; Friedlmeier, T. M.; Zillner, J.; Becker, J.-P.; Powalla, M.
2022. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 12 (5), 1154–1161. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2022.3190770

How small changes make a difference: Influence of low silver contents on the effect of RbF‐PDT in CIGS solar cells
Helder, T.; Kanevce, A.; Zinßer, M.; Gutzler, R.; Paetel, S.; Hempel, W.; Magorian Friedlmeier, T.; Powalla, M.
2022. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 10 S. doi:10.1002/pip.3628

Irradiation-dependent topology optimization of metallization grid patterns and variation of contact layer thickness used for latitude-based yield gain of thin-film solar modules
Zinßer, M.; Braun, B.; Helder, T.; Magorian Friedlmeier, T.; Pieters, B.; Heinlein, A.; Denk, M.; Göddeke, D.; Powalla, M.
2022. MRS Advances, 7 (30), 706–712. doi:10.1557/s43580-022-00321-3

DLTS investigations on CIGS solar cells from an inline co-evaporation system with RbF post-deposition treatment
Helder, T.; Kanevce, A.; Bauer, A.; Zinßer, M.; Paetel, S.; Friedlmeier, T. M.; Powalla, M.
2022. EPJ Photovoltaics, 13, Art.-Nr.: 7. doi:10.1051/epjpv/2022003

Finite Element Simulation of Electrical Intradevice Physics of Thin-Film Solar Cells and Its Implications on the Efficiency
Zinser, M.; Loy, M.; Helder, T.; Bauer, A.; Friedlmeier, T. M.; Powalla, M.
2022. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 12 (2), 483–492. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2022.3143453

From Groundwork to Efficient Solar Cells: On the Importance of the Substrate Material in Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells
Abzieher, T.; Feeney, T.; Schackmar, F.; Donie, Y. J.; Hossain, I. M.; Schwenzer, J. A.; Hellmann, T.; Mayer, T.; Powalla, M.; Paetzold, U. W.
2021. Advanced functional materials, 31 (42), Art.-Nr.: 2104482. doi:10.1002/adfm.202104482

One-Step Blade Coating of Inverted Double-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells from a Green Precursor Solvent
Küffner, J.; Hanisch, J.; Wahl, T.; Zillner, J.; Ahlswede, E.; Powalla, M.
2021. ACS applied energy materials, 4 (10), 11700–11710. doi:10.1021/acsaem.1c02425

Impact of substrate temperature during NaF and KF post-deposition treatments on chemical and optoelectronic properties of alkali-free Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ thin film solar cell absorbers
Eslam, A.; Wuerz, R.; Hauschild, D.; Weinhardt, L.; Hempel, W.; Powalla, M.; Heske, C.
2021. Thin Solid Films, 739, Article no: 138979. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2021.138979

Nanoparticle Wetting Agent for Gas Stream-Assisted Blade-Coated Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Küffner, J.; Wahl, T.; Schultes, M.; Hanisch, J.; Zillner, J.; Ahlswede, E.; Powalla, M.
2020. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 12 (47), 52678–52690. doi:10.1021/acsami.0c15428

2D/3D Heterostructure for Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Engineered Bandgap Enables Efficiencies Exceeding 25% in Four‐Terminal Tandems with Silicon and CIGS
Gharibzadeh, S.; Hossain, I. M.; Fassl, P.; Nejand, B. A.; Abzieher, T.; Schultes, M.; Ahlswede, E.; Jackson, P.; Powalla, M.; Schäfer, S.; Rienäcker, M.; Wietler, T.; Peibst, R.; Lemmer, U.; Richards, B. S.; Paetzold, U. W.
2020. Advanced functional materials, 30 (19), Art. Nr.: 1909919. doi:10.1002/adfm.201909919

Hybrid chemical bath deposition-CdS/sputter-Zn(O,S) alternative buffer for Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 based solar cells editors-pick
Kogler, W.; Schnabel, T.; Ahlswede, E.; Taskesen, T.; Gütay, L.; Hauschild, D.; Weinhardt, L.; Heske, C.; Seeger, J.; Hetterich, M.; Powalla, M.
2020. Journal of applied physics, 127 (16), 165301. doi:10.1063/1.5142550

Characterization of solution-grown and sputtered in (O,S) buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se solar cells by analytical TEM
Jin, X.; Schneider, R.; Popescu, R.; Hariskos, D.; Witte, W.; Powalla, M.; Gerthsen, D.
2020. Semiconductor science and technology, 35 (3), Art. Nr.: 034001. doi:10.1088/1361-6641/ab6159

Upscaling the fabrication routine of bioreplicated rose petal light harvesting layers for photovoltaic modules
Fritz, B.; Hünig, R.; Guttmann, M.; Schneider, M.; Reza, K. M. S.; Salomon, O.; Jackson, P.; Powalla, M.; Lemmer, U.; Gomard, G.
2020. Solar energy, 201, 666–673. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2020.03.020

Universal Nanoparticle Wetting Agent for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cells
Schultes, M.; Giesbrecht, N.; Küffner, J.; Ahlswede, E.; Docampo, P.; Bein, T.; Powalla, M.
2019. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 11 (13), 12948–12957. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b22206

Photovoltaic Devices: Electron‐Beam‐Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics
Abzieher, T.; Moghadamzadeh, S.; Schackmar, F.; Eggers, H.; Sutterlüti, F.; Farooq, A.; Kojda, D.; Habicht, K.; Schmager, R.; Mertens, A.; Azmi, R.; Klohr, L.; Schwenzer, J. A.; Hetterich, M.; Lemmer, U.; Richards, B. S.; Powalla, M.; Paetzold, U. W.
2019. Advanced energy materials, 9 (12), Art.-Nr.: 1970035. doi:10.1002/aenm.201970035

Structural and microchemical characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with solution-grown CdS, Zn(O,S), and Inx(O,S)y buffers
Jin, X.; Popescu, R.; Pasha, A.; Schneider, R.; Hariskos, D.; Witte, W.; Powalla, M.; Gerthsen, D.
2019. Thin solid films, 671, 133–138. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2018.12.012

Sputtered Transparent Electrodes (IO:H and IZO) with Low Parasitic Near-Infrared Absorption for Perovskite-Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Tandem Solar Cells
Schultes, M.; Helder, T.; Ahlswede, E.; Aygüler, M. F.; Jackson, P.; Paetel, S.; Schwenzer, J. A.; Hossain, I. M.; Paetzold, U. W.; Powalla, M.
2019. ACS applied energy materials, 2 (11), 7823–7831. doi:10.1021/acsaem.9b01224

Efficient All-Evaporated pin-Perovskite Solar Cells: A Promising Approach Toward Industrial Large-Scale Fabrication
Abzieher, T.; Schwenzer, J. A.; Moghadamzadeh, S.; Sutterluti, F.; Hossain, I. M.; Pfau, M.; Lotter, E.; Hetterich, M.; Richards, B. S.; Lemmer, U.; Powalla, M.; Paetzold, U. W.
2019. IEEE journal of photovoltaics, 9 (5), 1249–1257. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2920727

Electron-Beam-Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite-Based Photovoltaics
Abzieher, T.; Moghadamzadeh, S.; Schackmar, F.; Eggers, H.; Sutterlüti, F.; Farooq, A.; Kojda, D.; Habicht, K.; Schmager, R.; Mertens, A.; Azmi, R.; Klohr, L.; Schwenzer, J. A.; Hetterich, M.; Lemmer, U.; Richards, B. S.; Powalla, M.; Paetzold, U. W.
2019. Advanced energy materials, 9 (12), Article no 1802995. doi:10.1002/aenm.201802995

Thin‐film solar cells exceeding 22% solar cell efficiency: An overview on CdTe-, Cu(In,Ga)Se2-, and perovskite-based materials
Powalla, M.; Paetel, S.; Ahlswede, E.; Wuerz, R.; Wessendorf, C. D.; Magorian Friedlmeier, T.
2018. Applied physics reviews, 5 (4), 041602. doi:10.1063/1.5061809

Rubidium Fluoride Post-Deposition Treatment: Impact on the Chemical Structure of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Surface and CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Interface in Thin-Film Solar Cells
Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo, D.; Hauschild, D.; Jackson, P.; Friedlmeier, T. M.; Hariskos, D.; Blum, M.; Yang, W.; Reinert, F.; Powalla, M.; Heske, C.; Weinhardt, L.
2018. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 10 (43), 37602–37608. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b10005

Towards Inexpensive and Stable All-Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells for Industrial Large-Scale Fabrication
Abzieher, T.; Schwenzer, J. A.; Sutterlüti, F.; Pfau, M.; Lotter, E.; Het-Terich, M.; Lemmer, U.; Powalla, M.; Paetzold, U. W.
2018. 7th IEEE World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, WCPEC 2018; Waikoloa Village; United States; 10 June 2018 through 15 June 2018, 2803–2807, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi:10.1109/PVSC.2018.8547364

Energy yield of all thin-film perovskite/CIGS tandem solar modules
Langenhorst, M.; Sautter, B.; Schmager, R.; Lehr, J.; Ahlswede, E.; Powalla, M.; Lemmer, U.; Richards, B. S.; Paetzold, U. W.
2018. Progress in photovoltaics, 27 (4), 290–298. doi:10.1002/pip.3091

Suppression of interference effects in electroreflectance spectroscopy on Cu(In,mGa)(S, Se)₂ solar cell buffer layers
Seeger, J.; Piesch, U.; Kiowski, O.; Hariskos, D.; Witte, W.; Powalla, M.; Eraerds, P.; Lechner, R.; Dalibor, T.; Kalt, H.; Hetterich, M.
2018. DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie gemeinsam mit der EPS (2018), Berlin, Germany, March 11–16, 2018

Thermodynamic limitations for alkali metals in Cu(In,Ga)Se2
Hariskos, D.; Powalla, M.
2017. Journal of materials research, 32 (20), 3789–3800. doi:10.1557/jmr.2017.394

Impact of a RbF Postdeposition Treatment on the Electronic Structure of the CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Heterojunction in High-Efficiency Thin-Film Solar Cells
Hauschild, D.; Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo, D.; Jackson, P.; Friedlmeier, T. M.; Hariskos, D.; Reinert, F.; Powalla, M.; Heske, C.; Weinhardt, L.
2017. ACS energy letters, 2 (10), 2383–2387. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00720

Advances in Cost-Efficient Thin-Film Photovoltaics based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2
Powalla, M.; Paetel, S.; Hariskos, D.; Wuerz, R.; Kessler, F.; Lechner, P.; Wischmann, W.; Friedlmeier, T. M.
2017. Engineering, 3 (4), 445–451. doi:10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.015

Scalable perovskite/CIGS thin-film solar module with power conversion efficiency of 17.8%
Paetzold, U. W.; Jaysankar, M.; Gehlhaar, R.; Ahlswede, E.; Paetel, S.; Qiu, W.; Bastos, J.; Rakocevic, L.; Richards, B. S.; Aernouts, T.; Powalla, M.; Poortmans, J.
2017. Journal of materials chemistry / A, 5 (20), 9897–9906. doi:10.1039/C7TA01651D

Additive-Assisted Crystallization Dynamics in Two-Step Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells
Abzieher, T.; Mathies, F.; Hetterich, M.; Welle, A.; Gerthsen, D.; Lemmer, U.; Paetzold, U. W.; Powalla, M.
2017. Physica status solidi / A, 214 (12), Art.Nr. 1700509. doi:10.1002/pssa.201700509

Effects of heavy alkali elements in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with efficiencies up to 22.6%
Jackson, P.; Wuerz, R.; Hariskos, D.; Lotter, E.; Witte, W.; Powalla, M.
2016. Physica status solidi / Rapid research letters, 10 (8), 583–586. doi:10.1002/pssr.201600199

A closer look at initial CdS growth on high-efficiency Cu(In, Ga)Se<inf>2</inf> absorbers using surface-sensitive methods
Friedlmeier, T. M.; Jackson, P.; Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo, D.; Hauschild, D.; Kiowski, O.; Hariskos, D.; Weinhardt, L.; Heske, C.; Powalla, M.
2016. 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Portland, OR, USA, 5–10 June 2016, 0457–0461, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi:10.1109/PVSC.2016.7749634

Preparation of Cu2ZnSnSe4 solar cells by low-temperature co-evaporation and following selenization
Gao, C.; Schnabel, T.; Abzieher, T.; Ahlswede, E.; Powalla, M.; Hetterich, M.
2016. Applied physics letters, 108 (1), Art.Nr. 013901. doi:10.1063/1.4939445

Flower Power: Exploiting Plants’ Epidermal Structures for Enhanced Light Harvesting in Thin-Film Solar Cells
Hünig, R.; Mertens, A.; Stephan, M.; Schulz, A.; Richter, B.; Hetterich, M.; Powalla, M.; Lemmer, U.; Colsmann, A.; Gomard, G.
2016. Advanced optical materials, 4 (10), 1487–1493. doi:10.1002/adom.201600046

Source and effects of sodium in solution-processed kesterite solar cells
Abzieher, T.; Schnabel, T.; Hetterich, M.; Powalla, M.; Ahlswede, E.
2016. Physica status solidi / A, 213 (4), 1039–1049. doi:10.1002/pssa.201532619

Optoelectrical improvement of ultra-thin Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ solar cells through microstructured MgF₂ and Al₂O₃ back contact passivation layer
Casper, P.; Hünig, R.; Gomard, G.; Kiowski, O.; Reitz, C.; Lemmer, U.; Powalla, M.; Hetterich, M.
2016. Physica status solidi / Rapid research letters, 10 (5), 376–380. doi:10.1002/pssr.201600018

Investigation of the effect of potassium on Cu(In,Ga)Se layers and solar cells
Laemmle, A.; Wuerz, R.; Powalla, M.
2015. E-MRS 2014 Spring Meeting, Symposium A, Thin-Film Chalcogenide Photovoltaic Materials. Ed.: D. Abou-Ras, 27–30, Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2014.10.088

Properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with new record efficiencies up to 21.7%
Jackson, P.; Hariskos, D.; Wuerz, R.; Kiowski, O.; Bauer, A.; Friedlmeier, T. M.; Powalla, M.
2015. Physica status solidi / Rapid research letters, 9 (1), 28–31. doi:10.1002/pssr.201409520

Epitaxial Cu2ZnSnSe4 layers by annealing of Sn/Cu/ZnSe(001) precursors on GaAs(001)
Krämmer, C.; Sachs, J.; Pfaffmann, L.; Musiol, T.; Lang, M.; Gao, C.; Gerthsen, D.; Kalt, H.; Powalla, M.; Hetterich, M.
2015. Thin Solid Films, 582, 158–161. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2014.09.038

CuZnSn(S,Se) solar cells based on chemical bath deposited precursors
Gao, C.; Schnabel, T.; Abzieher, T.; Krämmer, C.; Powalla, M.; Kalt, H.; Hetterich, M.
2014. Thin solid films, 562, 621–624. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2014.04.030

Raman investigation of epitaxial CuZnSnSe layers from annealed Sn/Cu/ZnSe(001) precursors on GaAs(001)
Krammer, C.; Lang, M.; Sachs, J.; Pfaffmann, L.; Gao, C.; Gerthsen, D.; Kalt, H.; Powalla, M.; Hetterich, M.
2014. 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), 8-13 June 2014, Denver, CO, USA, 0398–0401, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi:10.1109/PVSC.2014.6924942

Investigation of the diffusion behavior of sodium in Cu(In,Ga)Se layers
Laemmle, A.; Wuerz, R.; Schwarz, T.; Cojocaru-Mirédin, O.; Choi, P.-P.; Powalla, M.
2014. Journal of applied physics, 115 (15), Art.-Nr.: 154501. doi:10.1063/1.4871457

Fabrication of polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnSe4 layers with strongly preferential grain orientation via selenization of Sn/Cu/ZnSe(001)/GaAs(001) structures
Krämmer, C.; Sachs, J.; Lang, M.; Pfaffmann, L.; Gao, C.; Gerthsen, D.; Kalt, H.; Powalla, M.; Hetterich, M.
2014. Applied Physics Letters, 104 (7), 071913. doi:10.1063/1.4866436

Three-dimensional reciprocal space profile of an individual nanocrystallite inside a thin-film solar cell absorber layer
Slobodskyy, T.; Schroth, P.; Minkevich, A.; Grigoriev, D.; Fohtung, E.; Riotte, M.; Baumbach, T.; Powalla, M.; Lemmer, U.; Slobodskyy, A.
2013. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 46 (47), 475104/1–5. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/46/47/475104

Cross sections of operating Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells under defined white light illumination analyzed by Kelvin probe force microscopy
Zhang, Z.; Hetterich, M.; Lemmer, U.; Powalla, M.; Hoelscher, H.
2013. Applied physics letters, 102 (2), 023903/1–6. doi:10.1063/1.4775679

Influence of the Ga Content on the Optical and Electrical Properties of CuIn1-xGaxSe2 Thin-Film Solar Cells
Zhang, Z.; Witte, W.; Kiowski, O.; Lemmer, U.; Powalla, M.; Hölscher, H.
2013. 2012 IEEE 38th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), June 3-8 2012, Austin, Texas. Volume 2, 1–5, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi:10.1109/PVSC-Vol2.2012.6656798

Influence of the Ga content on the optical and electrical properties of CuIn₁₋ₓGaₓSe₂ thin-film solar cells
Zhang, Z.; Witte, W.; Kiowski, O.; Lemmer, U.; Powalla, M.; Hölscher, H.
2013. IEEE journal of photovoltaics, 3 (2), 823–827. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2012.2228297

Reevaluation of the beneficial effect of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ grain boundaries using Kelvin probe force microscopy
Zhang, Z.; Tang, X.; Kiowski, O.; Hetterich, M.; Lemmer, U.; Powalla, M.; Hölscher, H.
2012. Applied Physics Letters, 100 (20), 203903/1–4. doi:10.1063/1.4714905

Analysis of untreated cross sections of cu(In,Ga)Se₂ thin-film solar cells with varying Ga content using Kelvin probe force microscopy
Zhang, Z.; Tang, X.; Lemmer, U.; Witte, W.; Kiowski, O.; Powalla, M.; Hölscher, H.
2011. Applied physics letters, 99, Art.Nr. 042111. doi:10.1063/1.3607954

Optical and charge transport properties of a CuIn₁₋ₓGaₓSe₂ solar cell cross section
Slobodskyy, A.; Wang, D.; Scherer, T.; Kübel, C.; Zhang, Z.-H.; Müller, E.; Gerthsen, D.; Powalla, M.; Lemmer, U.
2010. Physical review / B, 82 (20), 201105/1–4. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.82.201105

In-depth analysis of the CuIn1-xGaxSe2 film for solar cells, structural and optical characterization
Slobodskyy, A.; Slobodskyy, T.; Ulyanenkova, T.; Doyle, S.; Powalla, M.; Baumbach, T.; Lemmer, U.
2010. Applied Physics Letters, 97 (25), Art.Nr.:251911. doi:10.1063/1.3529939

Contacts for semitransparent organic solar cells
Hanisch, J.; Ahlswede, E.; Powalla, M.
2007. The European physical journal / Applied physics, 37 (3), 261–264. doi:10.1051/epjap:2007041

Influence of cathode sputter deposition on organic solar cells
Ahlswede, E.; Hanisch, J.; Powalla, M.
2007. Applied physics letters, 90 (6), Art.-Nr.: 063513. doi:10.1063/1.2472719

Thermocouples with insulating layers
Gross, E.; Powalla, M.; Stoehrer, U.; Birkholz, U.
1990. In: Proceedings. 9th International Conference Thermoelectrics, Pasadena, USA 1990. S. 336-342